EXAMINING MEDIA DAN BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION IN EXEMPLIFIED NEWS
Keywords:
exemplification, risk perception, exemplar, intention, behavior
Abstract
Exemplification (the means of exemplar) in news stories is a common method of giving information about societal phenomena to make stories more attractive to the audiences. Exemplification is a common and versatile phenomenon in communication. It penetrates both interpersonal and media presentations to provide information, education, and persuasion. Despite its use is often found, it has received little attention in communication research especially in Indonesia. The present study experimentally assesses the relative influence of visual and verbal exemplars on Kompas.com news readers’ judgments regarding COVID-19 information that influenced behavior intention to follow health protocol. An experimental study of four groups using post-test only control group design found that pictures and personal stories in text argument have stronger effects than of picture and text alone on behavior intention to follow health protocol. Analysis of regression, Pearson correlation and ANOVA revealed that when used together, exemplification, theory of planned behavior, and elaboration likelihood model may offer insight into the impact of messaging especially in risk communication and very powerful tools to direct precautious behavior.
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References
Books
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Andersen, J. A. (1987). Communications Research, Issues and Methods. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company.
Corsini, Raymond J. (2002). Dictionary of Psychology. Great Britain: Brunner- Routledge.
Donsbach, Wolfgang. (2015). The Concise Encyclopedia of Communication. The International Communication Association (ICA), West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frey, Lawrence R., Carl H. Botan, Dkk. (1991). Investigating Communications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Gay, L. R. (1976). Educational Research, Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill. Publishing Company.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). Fundamental Statistic in Psychology and Education, 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Hillson, D. A. & Murray-Webster R. (2005). Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
Jalaluddin, Rakhmat. (1990). Metode Penelitian Komunikasi. Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.
Jackson, Sherri L. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. Third Edition, Belmont, USA: Wadsworth.
Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Edisi ke-3, New York: Holt, Rineheart, and Winston.
Mcquail, Dennis. (2005). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Mcquail, D., Deuze, M. (2020). McQuail’s Media and Mass Communication Theory, 7th edition, London: Sage Publication Ltd.
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Rohmana, Yana. (2010). Ekonometrika Teori dan Aplikasi dengan Eviews. Bandung: Laboratorium Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Koperasi.
Salim, Agus. (2001). Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
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Journal
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749- 5978(91)90020-T.
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Brosius, H. B. & Bathelt, A. (1994). The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research, 21(1), 48-78.
Chionis, D., Karanikas, N. (2018). Differences in Risk Perception Factors and Behaviours amongst and within Professionals and Trainees in the Aviation Engineering Domain. MDPI Journal Aerospace, 5, 62. DOI:10.3390/aerospace5020062w.
Christen, C. T. & Huberty, K. E. (2007). Media reach, media influence? The effects of local, national, and Internet news on public opinion inferences. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), 315–334. DOI:10.1177/107769900708400208.
Gunther, A. C., Perloff, R. M., & Tsfaty, Y. (2008). The Third Person Effect in W. Donsbach & M. Traugott (Eds), Handbook of Public Opinion Research. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications.
Hong, Yangsun & Kim, Sunghak. (2019). Influence of Presumed Media Influence for Health Prevention: How Mass Media Indirectly Promote Health Prevention Behaviors through Descriptive Norms. Health Communication, DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1663585.
Kim, Y., Zhong, W., Jehn, M., Walsh, L. (2015). Public risk perceptions and preventive behaviors during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep., 9(2), 145–54.
Lefevere, Jonas, Swert, Knut De & Walgrave, Stefan. (2012). Effects of Popular Exemplars in Television News. Communication Research, 39(1), 103-119. DOI: 10.1177/0093650210387124.
Mcleod, D. M., Wise, D., & Perryman, M. (2017). Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences. Review of Communication Research, 5, 3583. DOI:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2017.05.01.013.
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Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X. et al. (2020). The impacts of knowledge, risk perception, emotion and information on citizens’ protective behaviors during the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health, 20, 1751. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y.
Powell, Thomas E., Boomgaarden, Hajo G., De Swert, Knut, De Vreese, Claes H. (2015). A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Framing Effects. Journal of Communication, ISSN 0021-9916. doi:10.1111/jcom.12184.
Rains, S. A., Levine, T. R., Weber, R. (2018). Sixty years of quantitative communication research summarized: lessons from 149 meta-analyses. Annals of the International Communication Association. DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2018.1446350.
Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., King, A. (2011). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Effect of Race-Related Visual and Verbal Exemplars on Attitudes and Support for Social Policies. Mass Communication and Society, 14:720– 742. DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2010.530385.
Waddell, T. F. (2018). When Comments and Quotes Collide: How Exemplars and Prior Attitudes Affect News Credibility. Journalism Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1533415.
Wilson, C. (2014). Evaluating Communication to Optimise Consumer-Directed Energy Efficiency Interventions. Energy Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.08.025.
Yan, Yan, & Liu, Jun. (2016). Effect on Media Exemplars on the Perception of Social Issues with Pre-Existing Beliefs. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. DOI: 10.1177/1077699016629374.
Zerback, Thomas, & Fawzi, Nayla. (2016). Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out. Article new media & society, 1–18. DOI: 10.1177/1461444815625942.
Zillmann, D. (1999). Exemplification theory: Judging the Whole by Some of Its Part. Media Psychology, 1(1), 69-94. DOI: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5.
Zillmann, D. (2002). Exemplification theory of media influence. Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2, 19-41.
Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56 (s1), S221-S237.
Zillmann, D., Knobloch, S., & Yu, H. S. (2001). Effects of photographs on the selective reading of news reports. Media Psychology, 3, 301–324.
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitude Personality and Behavior (Second Edition). London: Open University Press.
Andersen, J. A. (1987). Communications Research, Issues and Methods. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company.
Corsini, Raymond J. (2002). Dictionary of Psychology. Great Britain: Brunner- Routledge.
Donsbach, Wolfgang. (2015). The Concise Encyclopedia of Communication. The International Communication Association (ICA), West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Frey, Lawrence R., Carl H. Botan, Dkk. (1991). Investigating Communications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Gay, L. R. (1976). Educational Research, Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill. Publishing Company.
Guilford, J. P. (1956). Fundamental Statistic in Psychology and Education, 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Hillson, D. A. & Murray-Webster R. (2005). Understanding and Managing Risk Attitude. Aldershot, UK: Gower.
Jalaluddin, Rakhmat. (1990). Metode Penelitian Komunikasi. Bandung: Remaja Rosda Karya.
Jackson, Sherri L. (2009). Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Thinking Approach. Third Edition, Belmont, USA: Wadsworth.
Kerlinger, F.N. (1986). Foundations of Behavioral Research. Edisi ke-3, New York: Holt, Rineheart, and Winston.
Mcquail, Dennis. (2005). McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, London: Sage Publications Ltd.
Mcquail, D., Deuze, M. (2020). McQuail’s Media and Mass Communication Theory, 7th edition, London: Sage Publication Ltd.
Mulyana, Deddy. (2001). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. (2003). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. (2014). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches 7th Edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Rohmana, Yana. (2010). Ekonometrika Teori dan Aplikasi dengan Eviews. Bandung: Laboratorium Pendidikan Ekonomi dan Koperasi.
Salim, Agus. (2001). Teori dan Paradigma Penelitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana.
Schwarz, Andreas, Seeger, Matthew, and Auer, Claudia. (2016). Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slovic, P. (2000). The perception of risk, London: Earthscan.
Subana. (2005). Statistika Pendidikan. Bandung: CV. Pustaka Setia.
Sudjana. (2009). Metode Statistika. Bandung: Tarsito.
Sugihartono, dkk. (2007). Psikologi Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.
Sugiyono. (2016). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sukmadinata, Nana Syaodih. (2012). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.
Sunaryo. (2004). Psikologi Untuk Pendidikan. Jakarta: EGC.
Stanley, J.C., & Campbell, D.T. (1963). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design for Research. Boston: Houthton Mifflin Company.
Thoha, Miftah. (2003). Perilaku Organisasi: Konsep Dasar dan Aplikasinya. Jakarta: PT. Raya Grafindo Persada.
Waidi. (2006). Pemahaman dan Teori Persepsi. Bandung: Remaja Karya.
Walgito, Bimo. (2004). Pengantar Psikologi Umum, Jakarta: Andi.
Zillmann, D. & Brosius, H. (2000). Exemplification in Communication: The Influence of Case Report on The Perception of The Issues. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Journal
Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749- 5978(91)90020-T.
Bigsby, E., Bigman, C. A., & Gonzalez, A. M. (2019). Exemplification theory: a review and meta-analysis of exemplar messages. Annals of the International Communication Association, 43(4), 273-296. DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2019.1681903.
Brosius, H. B. & Bathelt, A. (1994). The utility of exemplars in persuasive communications. Communication Research, 21(1), 48-78.
Chionis, D., Karanikas, N. (2018). Differences in Risk Perception Factors and Behaviours amongst and within Professionals and Trainees in the Aviation Engineering Domain. MDPI Journal Aerospace, 5, 62. DOI:10.3390/aerospace5020062w.
Christen, C. T. & Huberty, K. E. (2007). Media reach, media influence? The effects of local, national, and Internet news on public opinion inferences. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 84(2), 315–334. DOI:10.1177/107769900708400208.
Gunther, A. C., Perloff, R. M., & Tsfaty, Y. (2008). The Third Person Effect in W. Donsbach & M. Traugott (Eds), Handbook of Public Opinion Research. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage Publications.
Hong, Yangsun & Kim, Sunghak. (2019). Influence of Presumed Media Influence for Health Prevention: How Mass Media Indirectly Promote Health Prevention Behaviors through Descriptive Norms. Health Communication, DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2019.1663585.
Kim, Y., Zhong, W., Jehn, M., Walsh, L. (2015). Public risk perceptions and preventive behaviors during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep., 9(2), 145–54.
Lefevere, Jonas, Swert, Knut De & Walgrave, Stefan. (2012). Effects of Popular Exemplars in Television News. Communication Research, 39(1), 103-119. DOI: 10.1177/0093650210387124.
Mcleod, D. M., Wise, D., & Perryman, M. (2017). Thinking about the media: A review of theory and research on media perceptions, media effects perceptions, and their consequences. Review of Communication Research, 5, 3583. DOI:10.12840/issn.2255-4165.2017.05.01.013.
Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral Study of obedience. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 67(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040525.
Ning, L., Niu, J., Bi, X. et al. (2020). The impacts of knowledge, risk perception, emotion and information on citizens’ protective behaviors during the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in China. BMC Public Health, 20, 1751. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09892-y.
Powell, Thomas E., Boomgaarden, Hajo G., De Swert, Knut, De Vreese, Claes H. (2015). A Clearer Picture: The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Framing Effects. Journal of Communication, ISSN 0021-9916. doi:10.1111/jcom.12184.
Rains, S. A., Levine, T. R., Weber, R. (2018). Sixty years of quantitative communication research summarized: lessons from 149 meta-analyses. Annals of the International Communication Association. DOI: 10.1080/23808985.2018.1446350.
Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., King, A. (2011). Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? The Effect of Race-Related Visual and Verbal Exemplars on Attitudes and Support for Social Policies. Mass Communication and Society, 14:720– 742. DOI: 10.1080/15205436.2010.530385.
Waddell, T. F. (2018). When Comments and Quotes Collide: How Exemplars and Prior Attitudes Affect News Credibility. Journalism Studies, DOI: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1533415.
Wilson, C. (2014). Evaluating Communication to Optimise Consumer-Directed Energy Efficiency Interventions. Energy Policy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.08.025.
Yan, Yan, & Liu, Jun. (2016). Effect on Media Exemplars on the Perception of Social Issues with Pre-Existing Beliefs. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly. DOI: 10.1177/1077699016629374.
Zerback, Thomas, & Fawzi, Nayla. (2016). Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out. Article new media & society, 1–18. DOI: 10.1177/1461444815625942.
Zillmann, D. (1999). Exemplification theory: Judging the Whole by Some of Its Part. Media Psychology, 1(1), 69-94. DOI: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0101_5.
Zillmann, D. (2002). Exemplification theory of media influence. Media effects: Advances in theory and research, 2, 19-41.
Zillmann, D. (2006). Exemplification effects in the promotion of safety and health. Journal of Communication, 56 (s1), S221-S237.
Zillmann, D., Knobloch, S., & Yu, H. S. (2001). Effects of photographs on the selective reading of news reports. Media Psychology, 3, 301–324.
Published
2022-12-15
How to Cite
SARI, Y., PATRISSIA, R., HADIATI, H., HANDAYANI, M., & NOVRIAN, N. (2022). EXAMINING MEDIA DAN BEHAVIOURAL INTENTION IN EXEMPLIFIED NEWS. ICCD, 4(1), 467-475. https://doi.org/10.33068/iccd.v4i1.507
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